Economy
Who Uses Public Transportation and Why
Who Uses Public Transportation and Why
Users of public transportation are more likely to be those with relatively low incomes (Bock, 1968; Taafe, 1963), have low occupational status (Bock, 1968; Reeder, 1956), and own fewer automobiles (Fertal et al., 1966; Foley, 1950; cited in Mamon & Marshall, 1977)... read more »
Utilizing Congestion Pricing to Ameliorate Peak-Load Problems
How Do We Lighten Peak-Load Problems Using Congestion Pricing?
Glaister (1974) considers the properties of off-peak and optimal peak public road-transport fares in urban conditions where the transport operators have to cope with the simultaneous problems of road congestion caused by private motorists and of peak loading caused by the "rush hour" characteristics of demand... read more »
Increasing Mass Transit Demand by Raising Automobile Costs
How Mass Transit Demand is Increased by Raising Automobile Costs
Raising the cost of using an automobile may alter current transit trends. Despite the increasing use of Los Angeles Metrolink rail lines by high-income commuters to and from work, there is still a majority of workers that rely on their cars in Los Angeles. Mamon and Marshall (1977) feel that members of high status and high income groups will continue to use their cars for the journey to work, unless the cost of using a car are driven higher relative to these alternatives... read more »
The Cost of Using an Automobile in Place of Public Transit
What is the Cost of Using an Automobile in Place of Public Transit?
Merewitz (1972) notes how San Franciscans have long sought to differentiate their city from its sibling, Los Angeles. They have long disdained its pattern of development, as Los Angeles has dedicated large fractions of its land to driving, storing, and maintaining the automobile (Merewitz, 1972). The BART (Bay Area Rapid Transit) provides San Franciscans with an efficient and speedy alternative to private transportation... read more »
Public Transit Quality Determined by Population Density
How Does Distance Affect Modal Choice?
Mamon and Marshall's (1977) model, meanwhile, holds the key assumption that the densities at which individuals live and work are proxies for the level and quality of public transportation available to them... read more »
How Distance Affects Modal Choice
How Does Distance Affect Modal Choice?
In a subsequent study, Hadden (1964) extended Schnore's (1962) analysis by including individual characteristics as well as a structural variable in his model... read more »
Interrelations between Urban Spatial Patterns and Commuting Behavior
What Are the Interrelations Between Urban Spatial Patterns and Commuting Behavior?
Mamon and Marshall (1977) take another approach that focuses on the interrelations between urban spatial patterns and commuting behavior. They mention a major study conducted by Schnore (1962) that analyzes the impact of size, density, and age of a sample of cities upon the use of public transportation... read more »
The Assembly Line, Mass Consumer Markets, and the Decline of Transit Operators
What Led to the Decline of Transit Operators?
By the end of the 19th century frontier expansion was completed, and a mass consumer market began to build itself. Intensified productivity, corporate mergers, and cheap immigrant labor permitted the rapid introduction of assembly line techniques which would advance the automobile industry to epic proportions... read more »
Transportation Technology Determined By Industrial Production
How does Industrial Production Affect Transportation Technology?
The form and availability of transportation technology is also subject to industrial production. In Europe, the mechanization in the automobile industry greatly affected the cost of automobiles and the role of that industry in transportation policy... read more »
Transportation Service Determined by Population Characteristics
How do Population Characteristics Affect Transportation Service?
By focusing on the population characteristics of Los Angeles - income, age, race, automobile ownership, and education - we can identify changes in urban physical structure that are linked with changes in transportation technology (Mayer, Kain and Wohl, 1972; Kain, 1967; Kain and Beesley, 1965, 163-85; Richardson, 1972, 108)... read more »
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